Zoom Fft free essay sample

A Seminar Report On ZOOM FFT Submitted In incomplete satisfaction For the honor of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology Applied Electronics amp; Instrumentation In Department of Electronics amp; Communication Engineering Submitted To: Submitted By Mr. Raj Kumar Jain Krishan Gopal Bansal HOD Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 Department of Electronics amp; Communication Engineering CompuCom Institute of Information Technology amp; Management Rajasthan Technical University, Kota April 2013 Acknowledgment The course has been a one of a kind encounter for me rather than standard and transitory exercise. It has jump to new field of obtaining information and learning. As a matter of first importance I wish to communicate my genuine gratitude to the Rajasthan Technical University, Kota. This presents the plan of giving workshop to specialized understudy during for Technical understudy during the 4-year course of B. Tech. With the uncommon advancement of innovation amp; expedient industrializations of the nation I see myself as to blessed to have experienced class on zoom FFT Techniques in Blood Flow Analysis. We will compose a custom paper test on Zoom Fft or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page I am extremely grateful to Mr. Manvendra Singh amp; Mr. Dilip Tiwari sir or other concerned Person for their direction, steady consolation; solid help amp; kind assistance of Understand numerous specialized perspectives in my preparation period. My healthily because of Mr. Raj Kumar Jain ,HOD (Electronics amp; Communication Department) and of CIITM, JAIPUR for all sort of assist they with having conceded without which the workshop would have not been conceivable. Krishan Gopal Bansal Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 PREFACE The class is a basic prerequisite for a building understudy. The understudy needs to give the class for the pre portrayed period according to the college standards. The motivation behind class is to assist the understudy with gaining modern experience. Additionally, with respect to the utility of workshop concerning, it very well may be said that understudy gets an open door during his preparation to suggest the hypothetical information in the field work and to clear the troubles in a superior manner. In the year 2013, in my eighth semester, I give my class on ZOOM FFT Technique in Blood Flow Analysis under the direction of Mr. Manvendra Singh. Guided BySubmitted By Mr. Manvendra Singh Krishan Gopal Bansal Enrollment No: 9E1CIAIM40P021 Submitted To Mr. Raj Kumar Jain HOD (EC/AEI) ABSTRACT I give my workshop on zoom FFT methods in Blood Flow examination. As indicated by the standard of Rajasthan Technical University towards the satisfaction of four years degree course of B. Tech. The object of course in building field is to co-relate the hypothesis with down to earth information and to make understudy acquainted with mechanical condition. I have been blessed to get workshop in such an industry which has been ceaseless by ascending the stepping stool of advancement using the most recent innovation. Here I could get information ofâ various hardware which are tried amp; aligned in their endeavor. Substance Page No. Endorsement I Affirmation ii Preferenceiii Abstract iv List of Figures vii Chapter 1: Introduction1 1. 1 Doppler Effect Phenomenon2 1. 2 Real Blood Flow Analysis4 Chapter 2: Down Sampling6 2. 1 Maintaining the Sampling Theorem Criterion6 2. 2 Down Sampling Process7 2. 3 Down Sampling by Rational Fraction7 Chapter 3: Blood Flow9 3. 1 Cell â€Tissue-Organ-System9 3. 2 Blood and Its Composition9 3. 3 The Mechanics of Blood Circulation9 3. 4 The Basics of Motion10 3. 5 Basic Ideas in Fluid Mechanics12 Chapter 4: Fast Fourier Transform14 4. 1 Definition and Speed15 Chapter 5: ZOOM FFT16 5. 1 Basic Principle of The Zoom FFT18 5. Zoom FFT Algorithm19 5. 3 Simulation Result25 5. 4 Advantages28 5. 5 Applications28 Conclusion29 References30 List of Figure NamePage No. 1. Doppler Effect3 2. Formal FFT4 3. Zoom FFT5 4. Ultrasonic Signal Path5 5. Blood stream diagram with velocity12 6. Zoom FFT investigation 117 7. Zoom FFT examination 218 8. Schematic graph of the Zoom FFT process19 9. Advanced Mixing20 10. Zoom FFT Algorithm20 11. Hilbert Transform22 12. FFT of a wave with 2 frequencies23 13. Zoom FFT with different Wave form24 14. Reproduction results without zoom25 15. Reenactment results with zoom26 16. Reproduction results with zoom/without zoom and info signals27 Section 1 Introduction A satisfactory blood stream gracefully is fundamental for all organs of the body. Examination of the blood stream discovers its significance in the judgments of sicknesses. There are numerous strategies for examining the blood stream. These procedures are not reasonable by the destitute individuals on account of their high cost. So we have executed a procedure called Zoom-FFT. This method is basic and moderate to recognize the blood coagulations and different illnesses. Human with his latent capacity attempts to get whichever is unexplored, investigated, and till now we are overseeing and succeeding utilizing some specialized ways. Similarly this is one of the investigations made for examining the intra subtleties of some particular articles utilizing ultrasound named SONOGRAPHY, which is utilized as an option in contrast to x-beam photography. In this paper, the strategy to zoom the picture or the checked information utilizing zoom FFT has been talked about. It additionally discloses the calculation to get ZOOM FFT and how it tends to be gotten by means of reproduction. Constant experimentation and its applications, with fundamentals of ultrasound examining are additionally clarified. Here a particular application will be managed I. e. , ultrasonic blood stream analyzer utilizing ZOOM FFT. Blood stream investigation is finished by passing a high recurrence ultrasonic wave in the veins through a transducer (transmitter) . The reflected sign; from the recipient transducer has an alternate recurrence because of the Doppler standard. This sign is passed to a DSP processor to discover the recurrence range. Due to the high recurrence of the ultrasonic wave, the goals of the recurrence range yield won't be acceptable. Consequently we go for cutting edge Zoom FFT procedure, wherein an extremely little recurrence change because of the coagulation arrangement can be acquired with a decent goals. It tends to be utilized to find the underlying nearness of a blood coagulation. These undertakings must be accomplished with a solitary DSP chip all together for the framework to be both financially savvy and force proficient and therefore broadly acknowledged. This course report proposes: 1. Investigation of Bio-clinical sign handling 2. Blending down the info sign to the base band recurrence utilizing Hilbert Transform 3. Finding the down examining utilizing the annihilation procedure 4. Getting the range yield utilizing quick Fourier change 5. Reenactment is finished by Matlab/C. 6. TMS320C5X/6X DSP processor does continuous execution. SOUND IS A COMPRESSIONAL WAVE† Sounds at frequencies over the discernible range, to state over 20 KHz are Ultrasonic wave, in the megahertz go. Above which are supersonic sound. 1. 1 DOPPLER EFFECT PHENOMENON A move in recurrence (f) of the wave will be relied upon because of the source and spectators movement comparative with one another. On the off chance that the separation between them is decreased or expanded. That move in recurrence relies upon the speed of sound which likewise relies upon thickness of the medium, in which it proliferates. At the point when a little article is arranged in the way of the sound wave, the wave will be opposed (dissipated). An immediate estimation of this speed will give valuable data about the dynamic property of the medium. The Velocity of sound in Blood is 1570 m/s. Seen speed is V’=V-V0 as far as recurrence (f), as a speed subordinate factor. Fp = f0 (V+V0)/V-Vs, for the two items moving towards. †(1) Fp = f0 (V-V0)/V+Vs, for the two articles moving ceaselessly from one another. †(2) F0: Actual Frequency. Fp: Perceived Frequency. V: Velocity of Wave. Versus: Source Velocity. V0: Velocity of Observer. Subsequently we get the apparent recurrence proportionately changed regarding changes in estimating media. This procedure is clarified utilizing movement as beneath in FIG (1). Fig. 1 Doppler Effect The Doppler Effect can be disclosed as for pitch or frequency, since all are reliant to one another. E. g. of Doppler Effect: Say, A vehicle passes you on the road blowing its horn at a recurrence of 440Hz, the entire way, As the vehicle approaches you, you will hear a pitch gt; 440Hz(in expanding request). After the vehicle passes you and drives from you, you will hear a pitch lower lt; 440Hz (in plummeting request). â€Å"THIS CONCEPT IS APPLIED IN ULTRASOUND RANGE FOR HUMAN BLOOD FLOW ANALYSIS USING VELOCITY OF BLOOD† Steps included: Sound age: The ultrasonic sound is produced utilizing the piezoelectric transducer. * Number of transducer may fluctuate from 1 to many. * Narrow light emission is to be feed in. * Continuous method of activity with no planned exchanging is applied progressively to quantify Frequency and Amplitude * Doppler move examination for recurrence content is to b e finished. * Creation of picture †to plot in 2 Dimension. * Display utilizing shading separation. 1. 2 REAL BLOOD FLOW ANALYSIS: In a Ultrasonic blood stream investigation, a light emission vitality is coordinated through a vein at a shallow edge and its travel time is then estimated. Progressively normal are the ultrasonic analyzers dependent on the Doppler guideline. An oscillator, working at a recurrence of a few Mega Hertz, energizes a piezoelectric transducer. This transducer is coupled to the mass of an uncovered vein and sends a ultrasonic shaft with a recurrence F into the streaming blood. A little piece of the transmitted vitality is dispersed back and is gotten by a subsequent transducer organized inverse the first as appeared in. Fig. 2 Formal FFT Fig. 3 Zoom FFT Fig 4 Ultrasonic Signal Path Chapter 2 Down examining In signal processing,â down samplingâ (or sub testing) is the procedure ofâ reducing the examining rateâ of aâ signal. This is generally done to lessen theâ data rateâ or the size of the dat

Mathew Kohr vs Starbucks Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mathew Kohr versus Starbucks - Assignment Example Prior to the jury, Starbucks reacted by contending that since some espresso was offered for nothing, Mr. Kohr isn't secured by comparative assurances as that of a paying client. In any case, WRAL revealed that the contention of Kohr was because of the way that the complimentary gift is just offered to formally dressed officials, which settle on up an understanding between the organization and him. Once more, during the preliminary, Kohr admitted that he needed to commute home with the goal that he could snap a picture of the injury before looking for clinical consideration later. He returned home with the goal that his significant other could take photos of the consumes he had continued on his inward thigh. The legal advisor who spoke to Starbucks, Tricia Derr demanded that Kohr neglected to visit a consideration community critically till over two hours passed. Initially, the Kohrs referenced two baristas for the situation, including the International Paper, who is the producers of t he cups, before coordinating the suit exclusively at Starbucks (ABC News, 2012). The representative for Starbucks referenced that the organization serves four billion espressos in the paper cups, and just fifty-nine of them had fell. Part OneThough Kohr and his significant other didn't remark concerning the choice, legal counselor Daniel Johnson said that the choice disillusioned them without a doubt. Then again, Starbucks referenced that the choice made by the jury was satisfying, including that it had a conviction that the laborers didn’t do anything wrong.In any respectful activities that occur in the government court, both of the gatherings may make the pre-preliminary movement for rundown judgment.

A Negative Effect Of Police Brutality - Free Essay Example

Even though it has been around for decades, through recent years police brutality has been the topic to talk about, with the recent killings of innocent people how could it not be? This issue truly does have a negative effect on society many people relating the topic as a hate crime because its mostly colored minorities who are affected by this. There are things being done and there are also some things that could be done to prevent this from occurring. Police brutality is when an officer uses an excessive amount of force on a person. For example, Dashawn Mcgrier, having already been charged with assault, disorderly conduct, obstructing and hindering, and resisting and interfering with arrest. On August 11 a video was posted showing an officer who had previously detained him continuously punching Mcgrier in the body and head. While Mcgrier did nothing to the officer but try to defend himself from the blows he fell on the ground and the officer didnt stop. When a person sees this it gets them wondering on if they can really trust another man in a police uniform. In a persons mind a police officer should be there to help a citizen when in need not attack them because they may feel a certain way towards them. In the In Police We Trust article, it states 75% of white Americans believe that the police do an excellent or good job in treating racial and ethnic minorities equal and only one-third of blacks believe the same. police brutality has become a big topic lately because of the killings or abuse of power a police officer may show. Police officers were made so people could be safe and protected. With the current representation of what a police officer is to some people, trust is lost to those who are supposed to protect them. How are people supposed to feel safe if they see and hear that police officers are being extreme or going to the point of killing a citizen? This is a huge problem because people could make this as a reason to turn against law enforcement and cause chaos in a community. Prior to current cases of police brutality, it all really isnt new in America. During the 1960s civil rights movements were going on for black freedom and equality. In the peaceful marches of integrationists, at some point they were beat with sticks, fired at with tear gas, punched or attacked by dogs sometimes. Of course the most famous and memorable march where all of these occurred in was the Selma march to Montgomery in 1965. It doesnt stop there, on March 3, 1991. Rodney King a motorist, was stopped by officers from the LAPD for speeding. As a result for not following police orders King was hit by knight sticks about fifty times. In the video, which was filmed by a nearby pedestrian, there are two officers who beat him with the night sticks and more than a dozen other officers who just stand there and watch as they beat the man. This was the video that really caught the attention of the people, and showed that there was truly another side in law enforcement, that being the cruel and abusive side. Police brutality is never not happening in america, thats why people are growing to hate these crimes or the police themselves. A common attempt thats been done for this issue is to have a camera on the officer while on duty. They wear these cameras for both the officers and citizens protection. The officer having the camera on i feel causes them to think before they do because they themselves are recording every single thing they do. If they dont think before they do then the camera catches that and the officer cant deny what he or she did. Recently though they had to take those cameras off because the battery would explode while on the officer. Another approach to this is the creation of reforms to minimize the numbers of these devastating occurrences. An example of this would be written in the article How much is Police Brutality Costing America, which states, The city of Camden, New Jersey started over with a new police force focused on community policing; after doing so, it rates of violent crime and murder fell. If we could get the police officers to get to know the community and the people who are in t hem the possibility of police brutality would be lower then if an officer didnt know anything or anyone. This would help build trust in citizens to law enforcement officials in their community. To have a kind of relationship with each other would make it safer for both the officer and citizen because they dont have to worry about starting off aggressive at first but instead approach each other camly, and only use force when needing to. In my opinion officers who misuse their power are not worthy of having the badge they carry on them at all. One thing that could be done is hiring people who want to protect and serve all people , not excluding anyone because of their color or beliefs. Something that could also be done is possibly seeing if anyone has anger issues or doing check ups on law enforcement officer to see how they are doing mentally. I feel that a cause to the police brutality is the officer may get easily hostile because of something or someone that got them mad or touched them when they want to be. People have to go through court when they do something against the law, but for law enforcement officers, they should go to court yes, but the courts should be more strict on them. As in, if there is evidence that they were the officer to commit the crime they should get laid off, and if they witnessed another officer do this wrong and did nothing, they can still work for law enforcement but cleaning their flo ors. What is the whole point of having two officers partners, if one isnt going to to step up and keep the other in check. To do something when they know the other is doing something wrong is best. To be a police officer is to protect and serve not go against the citizen or standby and watch.

Mimetic Architecture, 1927 to the Present

Puritans And The New England - 1344 Words

Puritans were a group of English Protestants who believed that the Reformation of the Church of English was still to stuck on Catholic formalities and wanted to simplify and regulate types of worship. The Puritans left England out of a need to purify the church and their own lives. They followed the writings of John Calvin to America and formed The Massachusetts Bay Colony. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was one of the original settlements, settled in 1630 by a group of about 1,000 Puritan refugees from England, under the guidance of Governor John Winthrop. In 1929, The Massachusetts Bay Colony received a charter from King Charles I allowing them to colonize in New England between the Charles River and the Merrimack River. The Puritans created a government with theocratic rule which was limited to church members. The Puritans initially settled in Boston in 1630. After Boston, they settled in Cambridge, Lexington, Concord, Watertown, Charlestown, and Dorchester. The Puritan population, in New England, rose from 17,800 people, in 1640, to 106,000, in 1700. The beliefs of the puritans were simple and straightforward. They believed that the Bible was God s true law and it provided the blueprints for a righteous life. People who did not agree with the Puritans theological views were advised to disperse from the area or convert to the popular beliefs of the majority. In fact, those who deviated from the socially acceptable way of living were strictly disciplined. The PuritansShow MoreRelatedPuritans And The New England1248 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout fifteenth century England, Puritanism was severely persecuted. Puritans were forced to go to the Anglican Church where they were also pushed into associating with those that were predestined for Hell. The Puritans wished to purify the Church of England in a way that allowed them to not only practice their religion, but to do so in a different location than the Hell-bound. In 1620, the Puritans left England and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, where they were free to practice Puritanis mRead MoreNew England As A Refuge For Puritans Essay1984 Words   |  8 Pagesconcern: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. New England was a region with some aspirations of profit, but these aspirations were largely overshadowed by a desire to reform or purify English religion. Massachusetts was founded by John Winthrop as a refuge for Puritans escaping persecution. The Puritans were successful in promoting education, creating a sense of social cohesion, establishing a centralized form of government, and fostering a strong work ethic. However, the Puritans were limitedRead MoreEssay on Puritans in New England461 Words   |  2 PagesPuritans in New England Raised during the aftermath of the fall of the Spanish Armada to England, the Puritan generation they were children and grandchildren of the Protestant Reformation in Europe. An idealistic generation of the Colonial Cycle, the Puritans came to America seeking freedom, to practice religion in a manner different than that of the English. Puritans regarded New England as a place to establish a visible kingdom of God, a society where outward conduct would be accordingRead MoreThe Accusation of Witches in Puritan, New England1634 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness in times of trouble is the instinctive act of finding a scapegoat. Stemming from the Calvinistic religious beliefs of the Puritans who immigrated to America, anything that strays from the predestined lives of these puritanical people is the result of sin. The ideas of original sin and predestination are at the heart of Calvinism. Thus, the Calvinist Puritans have their lives planned out for them by God before birth and anything that disrupts that plan must be eradicated. It was on theRead MoreInfluence of the Puritan Faith on the Development of New England768 Words   |  3 PagesThe New England colonies rapidly developed though out the 1600s. This mass of development was influenced by the Puritans, whom founded a majority of the New England and several Middle c olonies. The Puritan philosophies and values formed and directed the progress of the colonies. Socially, strict emphasis on church and community was influential in other colonial settlements as well. Politically, unification and representation derived from the Puritans. Economically, ideas such as fair pricing originatedRead MoreThe Unjust System of New England Puritan Court System Essays1018 Words   |  5 Pages The court system in Puritan New England was an unfair and unjust system, stemming from the general court of Massachusetts. Many of the trials and procedures were ludicrous. General life in the Puritan communities was centered around religion and the judicial system reflected this. Religion crept into laws and the courts until they were practically combined. Puritans valued their religion zealously and it became part of everyday life in the colony. Religion was a huge part of law, the court, andRead MoreThe Impact of the New England Puritans and the Chesapeake Catholics on the Development of Colonial Society1144 Words   |  5 Pagesgroups often arrive and settle on a new piece of land, and happen to shape that society, around their beliefs and religion. The New England Puritans and the Chesapeake Catholics are prime examples to show how religion shaped the development of a colonial society. In 1624, the early 17th century, the religious group called the Puritans, settled for the first time in the New England territory. Once there, they chose to inhabit the Massachusetts area. The Puritans were a varied group of religiousRead Moreâ€Å"in What Ways Did the Ideas and Values Held by the Puritans Influence the Political, Economic, and Social Development of the New England Colonies from 1630 Through the 1660’s?†861 Words   |  4 PagesIn the 1630s and the 1640s, the Puritans traveled to the colonies to detach from their opinion of a convoluted Church of England. They set up towns and started new lives that were all based on their idea of a pure religion. The Puritans definition of a pure religion did not include many of the ideas of the Church of England. They built the colonies and made a system based upon the idea that God was the most important aspect of life. Puritan ideas and values influenced the political, economic,Read MoreHow Were The Puritans Dif ferent From The Pilgrims?961 Words   |  4 PagesHow were the Puritans different from the Pilgrims? According to US History, a community of christians traveled across the ocean to an unknown land, different from the society they left behind, they called themselves Pilgrims. The Pilgrims made up the states of Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, which were the southern colonies. The Puritans made up the New England colonies, they were located in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. The firstRead MoreThe Realities Of Puritan Life With M. Night Shyamalan s Theatrical Interpretation1390 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to compare the realities of Puritan life with M. Night Shyamalan’s theatrical interpretation, The Village, it is important to understand who Puritans were and what kinds of beliefs they had. Puritans, different from Pilgrims, attempted to â€Å"purify† the Church of England in the seventeenth century as they felt it had been insufficiently reformed. Their idea of reformation consisted of a Calvinistic appr oach to society; believing in the absolute sovereignty of God, absolute dependence on divine

Classical ethical principles in ICT -MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Classical ethical principles in ICT. Answer: Classical ethical principles in ICTfor the self-driving cars in Australia: Now, the time has come that the organizations need to be aware of the ICT Ethics in their company. The places where the progress is to be made, where the challenges or limitations exist and the future potential are needed to be identified (Goodall, 2016). The following essay has identified the case of driverless cars changing Australia. The classical ethical theories are applied on it. Lastly, the justifiable and logical conclusions are derived to solve the ethical problems. The most exciting technological development of ICT is on the horizon in Australia. However, the creation of driverless vehicle can devastate Australia. The economy of Australia has been depending highly on the logistics and transport industry. This could demolish the jobs of truck drivers with far-reaching impacts. The outline of the transportation industry has been strongly tied to the wider economy. It is not a surprise that the rise of the transport sector has been tracking nearer to the GDP rise ("The jobs killer is coming", 2017). The companies like Uber have been reducing the standards of the labors by stealth. This is done through employing the drivers as the independent contracts. This has not been supplying any profits that were possessed by the Australias generations. The Uber has been undercutting the present standards of poor labors existing in the taxi industry. The industries are bound to lift the standards not permitting them to be decreased further. Moreover, they hav e urgently needed the strategy for deciding from where the quality jobs of the future will arise. The drivers could be left without jobs and there have been concerns regarding the supposed technology resulting in chaos to the crucial industries (Nyholm Smids, 2016). The driverless trucks are still semi-automated and the human drivers would need to advocate the admitting of particular issues, required to be ironed out, despite the computers perform the driving. The safety issues would not be eradicated as the technology has not been infallible. There has been also inevitable catastrophically mismanagement of the driverless vehicles. This would no doubt happen just as presently few heavy vehicles have not been maintained rightly resulting in fatalities (Bringsjord Sen, 2016). The challenges with this technology must indicate the disaster on the larger scale with the unmanned drones and the warships eradicating the weapons that are human operated. The civilization must require making few dramatic changes for adapting the driverless cars in new reality. Let in case of an unavoidable crash, the car needs to go for crashing with two distinct sets of people. The utilitarian approach, a popular classical theory of ethics would opt for the least loss of life. This is because there has been a clear aim to reduce harm to human, morally the most effective approach benefiting the wider society (Lin, 2016). This method is the most intuitive. This is because it is expected from the artificial machines to take decisions on the basis of algorithms. No emotion is taken into account here. This is the most natural development for the intelligent systems. This is because the technology makes use of the rational approach and most logical to consider. The ethical considerations could be on the basis of the principles of utilitarianism that are constant and not influenced by the occupants of the state of mind of the vehicles. This analyses the safety of the autonomous vehicles regardless the passengers are intoxicated or unable to drive. Thus it reduces the risks regarding the vehicle being programmed for driving in a less perfect way. The programming constancy if programming of various vehicle manufacturers leads to lesser legal ramifications for everyone (Bonnefon, Shariff Rahwan, 2015). As one manufacturer uses the alternative programming, it is used to make the vehicles safer for the drivers. Through using the utilitarian method to program the self-drive vehicles indicates that they are created to be programmed in the similar manner none of the cars cannot prioritize the life of the driver. This must be rather than what has been in the best interest for everyone. The programming of utilitarian is simpler to impose. This is because the ability to make decisions has been only based to reduce the loss of life in any case. The ethical systems like the virtue ethics need complex computation for deciding the most suitable course of action in the situations of inevitable crashes (Belay, 2015). The utilitarian process minimizes the expense to develop the technology and simplify the needed programs. This could also the playing sector between the low and high-end manufacturers of car and improving the consistency. Further, the insurance companies could see the approach of social contract must easier in comprehending. Moreover, the premiums get lowered compared to other ethical frameworks. This has been because of the simpler calculations for the insurance brokers who have been pricing the strict decisions of the social contract made by the vehicle for the humanitys best interest (Goodall, 2014). The online services have been already delivering the automated proposals for latest services and products. These are a few cases the possible invasions of privacy. The usage of the social contract algorithm needs no personal data for the vehicles in modeling itself as the human driver, unlike the virtue ethics. Thus it has been reducing the quantity of the privacy infringement. Again the social contract has been bound to the psychological facts as by the legal and technological ones. The modern-day government is the result of the implicit agreement also known as the social contract (Goodall, 2016). In this way, the self-automated cars could be conceived as they try to embed the will of the machines into the algorithmic social contract. The deontologists, on the other hand, could struggle with the concept of the computers having the free will while acting to avoid the crash. While the car could make choice between the killings of any pedestrian or any driver is a good intention or simply the process executed and carried out arbitrarily is raising concern (Bonnefon, Shariff Rahwan, 2015). However, an ideal deontologist must be in the favor of the self-driving cars since the opting to use the safer self-autonomous cars at first could override the decisions made by the technology of the cars. The report has shown how the ethical principles could be applied to the self-driving cars. It has applied the classical ethical principles where it could be applicable. However, the autonomy is unable to save all the people. The technology can never be perfect. The society needs to remind this before arriving of the technology. They also need to understand that this innovation for greater good. To convince the public should start the understanding what the public has been worried about and the psychological mechanisms involved. The self-driving cars possess bright future. However, this can only happen as the public overcomes the psychological issues standing in their way of the widespread adoption. Another ethical aspect of this industry which requires development has been how the people describe and set the expectations from the viewpoint of the consumers. Moreover, the consumers are needed to be educated more regarding the technology of autonomous vehicle. In this way they could be informed about the easy in the vehicle would be operating along with its responsibilities. As the consumers make sense of the long-term and immediate advantages of the self-driving cars, they could be provided with the green light. References: Goodall, N. J. (2016). Can you program ethics into a self-driving car?.IEEE Spectrum,53(6), 28-58. Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2015). Autonomous vehicles need experimental ethics: are we ready for utilitarian cars?.arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.03346. Nyholm, S., Smids, J. (2016). The ethics of accident-algorithms for self-driving cars: an applied trolley problem?.Ethical Theory and Moral Practice,19(5), 1275-1289. Lin, P. (2016). Why ethics matters for autonomous cars. InAutonomous Driving(pp. 69-85). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bringsjord, S., Sen, A. (2016). On Creative Self-Driving Cars: Hire the Computational Logicians, Fast.Applied Artificial Intelligence,30(8), 758-786. Belay, N. (2015). Robot Ethics and Self-Driving Cars: How Ethical Determinations in Software Will Require a New Legal Framework.J. Legal Prof.,40, 119. Goodall, N. J. (2014). Machine ethics and automated vehicles. InRoad vehicle automation(pp. 93-102). Springer International Publishing. Goodall, N. J. (2016). Can you program ethics into a self-driving car?.IEEE Spectrum,53(6), 28-58. Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., Rahwan, I. (2015). Autonomous vehicles need experimental ethics: are we ready for utilitarian cars?.arXiv preprint arXiv:1510.03346. The jobs killer is coming. (2017).NewsComAu. Retrieved 17 September 2017, from https://www.news.com.au/finance/business/travel/the-jobs-killer-is-coming-how-driverless-trucks-could-change-australia/news-story/4f5b8a42b0452703d62e00f3e7644d7b

Theories of Play free essay sample

Child development was previously largely ignored, and there was little attention to the progress which occurs during childhood and adolescence in terms of cognitive abilities, physical growth and language usage. However, researchers have found interest to study typical development in children as well as what influences development. Many theories have emerged which have helped full understanding of the social, emotional and physical growth which occurs in a child from early childhood to early adulthood (Hughes, 2004, p. 0). Jean Piaget proposed one of such theories and looked human development in a biological angle and explained it in four development stages. The stages are sensorimotor development stage, preoperational development stage, concrete operational development stage and formal operational development stage. However, Vygotsky proposed another theory of cognitive development which looked development in social interaction point of view. Although these theories differ in some a spects, they both consider playing as a key element in child development. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Play or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This paper will discuss Piaget and Vygotsky theories of development and attempt to relate play to the theories. In addition, the paper will cover the applications of these theories in real life situation by giving real life examples, as used by teachers to their students. Piaget looked at the cognitive development concept from a biological point of view. To him, the key principles in the child’s growth and intellect are adaptation and organization. This theory indicates all organisms should have the ability to adapt to the environment, which is a necessity for survival. According to this theory, learning involves constructivist process thus knowledge is not acquired from the environment and imitation of other people’s actions. Rather, knowledge is acquired through a slow but a continuous process of learning. Piaget noted that children need three basic kinds of knowledge in order to develop; they need physical, social and logical-mathematical, and psychological knowledge (Hughes, 2009, p. 29). This theory also notes that physical knowledge is essential for survival and growth of the body. Physical knowledge is obtained by performing activities which allow children to observe and make conclusions of physical characteristics of objects. On the other hand, social knowledge is obtained from experience when a child interacts with other children. Children are, therefore, able to apply what they gain from social situations. Logical-mathematical knowledge allows children to discover the relationship between objects, ideas and people. Lastly, psychological knowledge is essential for the growth of intellectual structure of a child’s mind. According to this theory, adaptation encompasses two stages, assimilation and accommodation process. Assimilation involves taking in new things or ideas, from the outside world and trying to fit it in the existing structure. Children take information and use it at their pleasure without necessarily adapting their thinking to it. The accommodation process involves the existing structure adjusting to new acquired materials. The physical body reacts by internal process, such as digestion, and responds by growing and changing in size. On the other hand, minds reacts by accommodating new intellectual materials and responds by growing intellectually (Oakley, 2004, p. 27). In the development of a child, play is a crucial element to consider. This is essentially because, as children play they encounter (assimilate) new material. If the new ideas are not fitting to their current knowledge, a sense of confusion will result (disequilibrium). Thereafter, the child may master new idea by adjusting current ideas (accommodation) to the new information and, therefore, learn something new. To Piaget, there are four critical stages which a child must pass through during cognitive development (Watson, 2004, p. 38). First, there is sensorimotor stage, which starts from birth to about two years, apply motor activity without the use of symbols. Children gain knowledge through physical interaction and experience, however, knowledge is limited at this stage. They learn through trial and error since they cannot predict reactions. However, as children become more mobile, their abilities for cognitive development increases and early language development begin. Between seven to nine months, children develop object permanence, and they realize that an object still exists even after it is out of their sight (Keenan, 2009, p. 24). Preoperational, Stage which occurs between two and seven years, is the second stage in cognitive development. During this stage, children begin to use language as a way of communication and their memory and imagination develop. They also engage in make-believe and they in symbols which allows flexibility and planning in their problem solving skills. During this stage, children are egocentric; they think all people view the world as they see (Martin, 2008, p. 0). They also begin to remember past events and even imagine future events (Watson, 2005, p. 65). Concrete operational is the next stage of Jean Piaget theory of child development. The third stage occurs between seven and eleven years. The stage is marked by conservation whereby a child understands that things still maintains their attributes even if they change their essential appearance. Children begin to demonstrate their intellectual development by using logic and manipulation of symbols which relates to concrete objects. Their egocentric nature of thinking becomes less and their awareness of external events increases (Martin, 2004, p. 40). The last stage of development according to Piaget theory is the formal operational stage. This stage begins when a child is about eleven years. . A child will acquire another level of understanding during this stage, in addition to the ability of, applying logical principles attained in concrete operational stage to more abstract and hypothetical situations. The child, who is now an adult can formulate a hypothesis and be able to think about concepts and abstract relationship. They become interested about the broad social issues such as fairness, justice and equality. Piaget concludes that development is a lifelong process, and new structures are needed after operational stage (Martin, 2004, p. 40). Piaget theory of development can be used in school for development and growth of children. The implication of this theory is an adaptation of instructions to the development of the learner and the instructions should be consistent with the learner’s level of development. The role of a teacher is to facilitate learning of through the provision of a variety of experiences. This will enable a child to experiment and explore, which in turn encourages new understanding. Teachers should use concrete hands on experience to allow students learn and acquire another level of understanding (Watson, 200 4, p. 65 and 66). Piaget theory has found wide application in school. For instance, the teachers teach children through sensory experiences whereby they are given objects to touch, smell and taste. As the children grow, they can be given texture names, colour names, colour names and the names of the objects around them. In addition, they can also be taught new vocabularies accompanied by pictures; however, teachers should keep in mind the level of their understanding. As they progress, children are given complex problems, e. g. maths, whereby they are required to use logic. They are, therefore, able to make more connections with reality rather than fantasy. Secondly, children can be involved with plays like hide and seek at the primary level. These kinds of plays help them to develop physical skills and enhance their coordination. They can also be involved with game of numbers, riddles and coded messages. As they grow, their plays become more organised and structured. Teachers can organize games and sport events with rules. This level teaches them that winning comes as a result of following the rules. As they progress, they can be organised into clubs and team sports which helps them in understanding how they can fit to the societal system. Vygotsky proposed another theory for cognitive development. This theory places emphasis on the fundamental rule of social interaction in the child’s cognitive development. It notes that community plays a significant role to develop a child and that they adapt through their cultural and social interactions with people who are more skilled, such teachers or parents. The basis of this theory is the idea that children will use tools such as language, maps and numbering systems in order to develop high level of thinking. According to this theory, language is a hugely critical factor in children development since it helps them to develop new ideas and control their behaviours. They also use language to engage in internal dialogue, which helps in solving difficult task. Vygotsky theory of development is based on three main principles, which are zone of proximal development (ZPD and Scaffolding or more knowledgeable other (MNO). The theory notes that there is a difference between what a child can learn independently and what they can learn under the guidance of skilled instructor. This is difference is captured in the zone of proximity development. Vygotsky sees ZPN as the area in which most guidance and instruction should be given. This will allow children develop essential skills they will later use on their own. He also notes that every day experience plays a vital role in children’s development because they learn through social interactions with skilled helpers, such as teachers or parents. The theory suggests that tutors should use cooperative learning exercises (Martin, 2008, p. 41). On the other hand, more Knowledgeable other principle of the theory refers to people who are more skilful and knowledgeable. When these people interact with children, they provide them with problem solving skills which serves as cognitive scaffolding, which help children to gain the ability to function independently (retrieved from rojects. coe. uga. edu). Vygotsky theory of child development has found a wide application in schools. The current application of Vygotsky theory is in the reciprocal teaching which is used to improve the abilities of children to learn from texts. Here, teachers and pupils collaborate in learning summarizing, clarifying, questioning and predicting, through practicing. Teache rs should also come up with group activities, which allow more skilled peers to interact with less skilled children. With the assistance of adults, children can perform tasks which would be impossible on their own. Scaffolding should thus be used whereby the helper adjusts their level of assistance in accordance to the child’s performance level. Lastly, zone of proximal development should guide assessment methods, which describes what a child can do without the help of a more skilled person. It should consider both actual and potential development of a child (retrieved from projects. coe. uga. edu). Vygotsky theory is can be simplified for quick learning of children. For example, children are shown pennies representing each sound in a word (e. . four pennies for four sounds). In order for them to master the words, they may be requested to place the items on the table showing each sound in a word. Finally, the teacher may ask the children to indentify the words without using pennies. In this case, pennies act like scaffolding to help children move from being assisted to unassisted during a task. In advanced levels, such as high school, a lab tutor may provide students with scaffolding by first giving them detailed experiment procedures and then a brief outline. Thereafter, the tutor may ask the students to set up the experiment on their own. In conclusion, it is clear that Piaget and Vygotsky theories differ in some aspects; however, both theories indicate that children development is a slow but continuous process, which can be achieved as children, interacts with one another, with the surroundings as well as with more skilled persons. These theories, therefore, shows the fundamental aspect of play the development and learning of children. Teachers can effectively use these theories to enhance development of children, but they must take into account their levels of growth and understanding.